The Gorani (, ) or Goranci (, ), are a Slavic Muslim ethnic group inhabiting the Gora (region), Gora region—the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people, and speak a transitional South Slavic languages, South Slavic dialect, called ''Gora dialect, Goranski''. The vast majority of the Gorani people adhere to Sunni Islam.

Name

The ethnonym ''Goranci'', meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym ''Gora (region), gora'', which means "hill, mountain". Another Endonym, autonym of this people is ''Našinci'', which literally means "our people, our ones". In Macedonian language, Macedonian sources, the Gorani are sometimes called Macedonian Muslims, Torbeši, a term used for Muslim Macedonians. In the Albanian language, they are known as ''Goranët'' "Goranët jetojnë në krahinën e Gorës, që sot ndahet mes shteteve të Shqipërisë, të Kosovës etë Maqedonisë, krahinë nga ku e marrin edhe emrin." and sometimes by other Exonym and endonym, exonyms, such as ''Bulgareci'' ("Bulgarians"), ''Torbesh'' ("bag carriers") and ''Poturë'' ("Turkification, turkified", from ''po-tur'', literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs).

Population

Ethnic map of Kosovo, municipalities (1991)

Some of the local Gorani people have over time also self declared themselves as Serbs, Albanians, Macedonians (ethnic group), Macedonians, Bosniaks, Muslim Bulgarians, Turkish people, Turks, or just as Muslims (ethnic group), Muslims, due to geopolitical circumstances and in censuses. In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants, which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.

Settlements

In Albania, there are nine Gorani-inhabited villages: Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Borje and Shishtavec.
/ref> In Kosovo, there are 18 Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Prizren, Brod, Vranište, Globočice, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukaljane, Lještane, Ljubošta, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša, and Restelica, plus the town of Dragaš. Following 1999, Dragaš has a mixed population of Gorani, who live in the lower neighbourhood, and Albanians in the upper neighbourhood constituting the majority of inhabitants. In North Macedonia, there are two Gorani-inhabited villages located in the Polog region: Jelovjane and Urvič, Bogovinje, Urvič. "Данашњи становници Урвича и Јеловјана на супротној, полошкој страни Шар-Планине, пореклом су Горани. Много су више утицале на исељавање Горана политичке промене, настале после 1912 године. Тада се скоро четвртина становништва иселила у Турску, за коју су се преко вере и дуге управе били интимно везали. Још једна миграција јаче је захватила Горане, али не у нашој земљи, него оне који су остали у границама Арбаније."

History

Contemporary

The Gora municipality and Opoja region remained separated during the Milošević period. After the war, the Gorani-majority Gora municipality was merged with the Albanian inhabited Opoja region to form the municipality of Dragaš by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the new administrative unit has an Albanian majority. In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school due to societal prejudices, and threats of assimilation to Bosniaks or Albanians. Consequently, Gorani organized education per Serbia's curriculum. Gorani activists in Serbia's proper stated they want Gora (region), Gora (a former municipality) to join the Community of Serb Municipalities, Association of Serb Municipalities, causing added pressure on the Gorani Community in Kosovo. In 2018 Bulgarian activists among Gorani have filed a petition in the country's parliament demanding their official recognition as a separate minority. Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by Kosovo Albanians, ethnic Albanians. Apart from the multiethnic town of Dragash, the Gorani of Kosovo continue to live in villages primarily inhabited by their community and relations with Albanians remain tense. Mixed marriage between both communities do not occur with the exception of a few Gorani families that have migrated to Prizren.

Culture

Religion

In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.Бурсаћ 2000, pp. 71-73 (Орхан Драгаш) The Ottoman abolition of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities. The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century – she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.

Traditions

The Gorani are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia. The Slavs of Gora were Christianized after 864 when Christianization of Bulgaria, Bulgaria adopted Christianity. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Eastern Orthodox, Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slava (tradition), Slavas and Đurđevdan, and like Serbs they know their Onomastik or saint's days. Although most Gorani are Sunni Muslims, Sufism and in particular the Halveti and Bektashi Sufi orders are widespread. Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "Oro (dance), oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as zurna, curlje, kaval, Bağlama, čiftelija or Davul, tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Albanians and Serbs. The "national" sport of ''oil wrestling, Pelivona'' is a form of oil wrestling popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of curlje and tapan (drum), tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Balkans. The "national" drink of the Gorani is rakija which is commonly distilled at home by elderly people. Another popular drink is Turkish coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish coffee. File:Момче од Гора во народна носија.jpg, Gorani boy in folk costume File:Veshje Tradicionale Struka e bardh Dhe Dimijat ..JPG, Gorani girls in folk costume File:Veshje tradicionale.JPG, Elderly Gorani woman in traditional clothing File:Festa e Patates Shishtavec.JPG, Young Gorani dancing at village festival

Language

The Gorani people speak South Slavic, a local dialect known as "Našinski" or "Goranski", which is part of a wider Torlakian dialect,Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), ''The Slavonic Languages''. London: Taylor & Francis

p. 383 spoken in Southern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and part of North Macedonia. The Slavic dialect of the Gorani community is known as ''Gorançe'' by Albanians. "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet." Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language, than to Serbian. The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Serbian language, Serbian and Bulgarian language, Bulgarian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian language, Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian, the Prizren-Timok dialect. Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialects, Bulgarian dialectal area. Despite not bordering Bulgaria and being an Islamic nation, the Gorani are a target of Bulgarian irredentism on the belief that if the Gora dialect is Bulgarian, then all Macedonian dialects are Bulgarian. Illustrating the Bulgarian interest is the first Gorani–Albanian language, Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) in 2007 by Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In this dictionary, Dokle defined the language as related to "the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the northwest" North Macedonia.Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19) Within scholarship, the Goran dialects previously classified as belonging to Serbian have been reassigned to Macedonian in the 21st century. "The Gorans, who are also Muslim, have a separate identity. The Goran dialects used to be classed with Serbian, but have more recently been assigned to Macedonian, and Gorans themselves recognize that their dialects are closer to Macedonian than to Serbian." Gorani speech has numerous loan words, being greatly influenced by Turkish language, Turkish and Arabic due to the influence of Islam, as well as Albanian language, Albanian areally. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school. According to the last 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian. Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian language, Macedonian. There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo). According to some unverified sources in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani school. In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian language newspaper, ''Гороцвет'' (''Gorocvet'') was published. ::''Verno libe'' :''Gledaj me gledaj libe, abe verno libe, :''nagledaj mi se dur ti som ovde.'' :''Utre ke odim abe verno libe dalek-dalek'' :''na pusti Gurbet.'' :''Racaj poracaj libe šo da ti kupim.'' :''Ti da mi kupiš'' :''abe gledaniku cerna šamija, ja da ga nosim :''abe gledaniku i da ga želam.'' :''Racaj poracaj abe verno'' :''libe šo da ti pratim'' :''Ti da mi pratiš abe'' :''gledaniku šarena knjiga'' :''Ja da ga pujem abe'' ''gledaniku i da ga želam''

Politics

* Unique Gorani Party * Civic Initiative of Gora

Notable Gorani

* Fahrudin Jusufi, former Yugoslav footballer, born in Zli Potok * Miralem Sulejmani, Serbian footballer, of Gorani descent * Almen Abdi, Swiss footballer, of Gorani descent * Zeli Ismail, English footballer born in Shishtavec * Zufer Avdija, former Israeli-Serbian basketball player, of Gorani descent * Deni Avdija, Israeli NBA basketball player, of Gorani descent * Danel Sinani, Luxembourgish footballer, of Gorani descent

Notes

References

Sources

;Books * * * * ;Journals * * * * ;Symposia * ** ** *

External links

* * * * * * Oberling, "Gurān", Encyclopædia Iranica, at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/guran {{DEFAULTSORT:Gorani (Ethnic Group) Gorani people, Ethnic groups in Kosovo Ethnic groups in Serbia Ethnic groups in North Macedonia Ethnoreligious groups in Europe Slavic ethnic groups Slavic highlanders Islam in North Macedonia South Slavs Muslim communities in Europe Kukës